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| 1519 |
| | | The Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes lands on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses and about 20 guns | |
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| 1519 |
| | | Montezuma welcomes Hernan Cortes to his capital, Tenochtitlan, under the impression that he is the returning god-king Quetzalcoatl | |
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| 1519 |
| | | Cortes and his tiny force capture Montezuma, ruler of the mighty Aztec empire, in his palace at Tenochtitlan | |
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| 1520 |
| | | Cortes loses control of Tenochtitlan and has to escape in haste with his men during 'the Sorrowful Night' | |
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| 1521 |
| | | After a little more than a year Cortes recaptures Tenochtitlan and finally establishes Spanish control over Mexico | |
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| 1525 |
| | | The conquistadors, settling on land granted to them after the conquest, begin the long process of European emigration to America | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru | |
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| 1531 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver | |
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